Agriculture is vital to the Papua New Guinea (PNG) economy. Agriculture provides 22% of PNG’s GDP, accounts for 11% of its exports and supports over 80% of the population. When inflows from the resource sector weaken it is time for the agriculture sector to strengthen. This is particularly true for exports, which have been shown to be a pathway for many economies to sustained development.
If people are going to continue to eat, earn a living and survive, agriculture is extremely important – more so during these difficult COVID-19 times. This blog looks at agriculture, and in particular the flows of income that would enter the export sector as revenues based on exchange rate policy.
Exchange rate policy impacts people’s day-to-day lives through their earnings, particularly those involved in agricultural exports. As will be demonstrated in this blog, if the local currency unit real exchange rate (LRER) was allowed to increase in value, the last few years could have been a boon to agricultural exporters in PNG.
The basic math of this is simple. If the kina rate increases from 3 kina to 4 kina per dollar, then, if the price of a bag of coffee beans is US$100, before the appreciation coffee growers would get 300 kina per bag; after the appreciation, they would get 400 kina per bag. This policy to increase the LRER is commonly called an exchange rate devaluation because an increase of 3 to 4 kina per dollar is equivalent to a decrease from 33 cents to 25 cents per kina. But the word “devaluation” clearly emphasises the downside and misses the upside. As described in a prior blog here, “appreciation” is equally valid to describe this policy.
This blog makes an estimate of how much extra revenue would have been made from agricultural exports if the LRER had not been kept low through foreign exchange rationing. This figure is not meant to be exact, but rather is used to demonstrate the importance of exchange rate policy to this vital industry.
To do this, first, I calculated the revenues in kina from cocoa, coffee and palm oil exporters by taking yearly data from 2015 to 2019 on export volumes and multiplying by the average price of the goods for each of those years and converted these amounts into kina based on the nominal exchange rate. Then I adjusted the figure based on an estimate of the misalignment of the real exchange rate. For 2015 to 2017 I used estimates based on previous research, while from 2018 to 2021 I made an estimate based on what the nominal exchange rate would have been had the LRER moved up after the resource boom at the same rate as the nominal exchange rate. In summary, I compared an average LRER appreciation of 23% to the approximately 1% of appreciation that has actually taken place. I then calculated the difference between the original and new revenue figures and adjusted for inflation to convert to 2020 prices.
The yearly results are shown in Table 1 below. The suggested increase in revenues across the five years in question would have been K305.6 million for the cocoa industry, K518 million for the coffee industry, and K1.44 billion for the palm oil industry. This is an average improvement in revenues per year of around K61 million, K104 million and K288 million, respectively. While it is difficult to know what the profit increase would be once various costs are taken into account, it is clear that significantly more kina could have been entering rural and remote economies in PNG since 2015.
Table 1: Extra kina revenues earned by key agricultural export industries with an LRER appreciation (2020 prices)
![Extra kina revenues earned by key agricultural export industries with an LRER appreciation (2020 prices) Extra Kina revenues earned by key agricultural export industries with an LRER appreciation (2020 prices)](https://devpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Extra-Kina-revenues-earned-by-key-agricultural-export-industries-with-an-LRER-appreciation-2020-prices-600x188.png)
The profitability of the agricultural businesses would depend on the rate at which they use imported machinery and other inputs versus employees and domestic inputs. Those who used more domestic inputs would have a higher rate of profitability. However, all profitable agricultural export businesses would be more profitable with a higher LRER. This analysis also assumes that there is no supply response to the increased revenues. If the sector produces more in response to the better conditions, then the revenues would be higher still. These estimates also ignore the increased opportunities for vegetable farmers, who would be better positioned to compete with imports with an appreciation. Of course too, any agricultural export, even those not mentioned, vanilla for example, would also benefit. So, in other words, these estimates are conservative.
This demonstration of potential gains is also a demonstration of opportunities lost, but it is not too late. There are current and future benefits to be had. Agricultural export revenues can still be increased, if the PNG government makes it a priority, limits the rationing of foreign exchange and allows the exchange rate to adjust to its market level. If and when a resource boom ends, agriculture can take its place as the major engine of growth and employment.
Disclosure
This research was undertaken with the support of the ANU-UPNG Partnership, an initiative of the PNG-Australia Partnership. The views represent those of the author only.
Farmers are never appreciated for their hard work, the exporter and third party make a profit on their hard work.
Farmers need to be educated on the value of their organic products and be able to market at right price. Western world has a short supply of organic produce, most produce have huge toxins from chemicals they use.
Farmers in PNG must not gamble the value of their produce at the cost of greedy third parties. Knowledge is power and the better educated our farmers are the value of their produce will go up.
Devaluing kina to increase revenue for the agriculture sector is not a solution. The simple point is that how much will a farmer save at the end of the day counts more than how much he or she earns. In a situation where kina is devalued cost of farming will increase. A farmer will have to spend more on imported goods(tools, fertilizers, pesticides, etc) than how much he or she earns. To increase a farm earnings is to increase production and reduce farm cost. Policy makers including exchange rate have to be addressed innovatively by thinking outside the box and not focusing on devaluing the currency.
Thanks Katao – I think it is important to look at this holistically, i.e. what is the revenue minus the cost. Lets say a farmer normally earns per day 20 kina per unit of coffee minus 5 kina for imported goods (e.g. pesticides, food) and 5 kina for domestic goods (e.g. food etc) – then at the end they will have 10 kina in total (20 minus 5 minus 5 = 10). With a change in the exchange rate of say 20%, their coffee revenue will increase by 20% from 20 to 24 kina, and their imported goods costs will also increase by 20% from 5 to 6 kina, and their domestic goods costs will be unchanged. Meaning that they will earn 13 kina in total (24 minus 6 minus 5 = 13) – so they are 3 kina, or 30 per cent better off in total once everything is taken in to account. This is a totally hypothetical example obviously, and it only affects exports farmers.