Comments

Thanks for the question Raphael. The "survivors" category refers to survivors of a deceased person (such as spouses, children and grandchildren). They are most common in social insurance schemes, but also exist in some social assistance schemes (e.g. non-contributory widows pensions in some South Asian countries). But the more general point here is that - in the case of Timor-Leste - we have not included veterans benefits in the charts above as it is conceived more as a form of "peace dividend" rather than fulfilling a social protection function, though there was some debate within the research team about whether to include this. The more complete underlying analysis includes a comparison with and without the veterans benefits.

Hello Yauka, I am going to throw caution to the wind and say that by itself, I do not see government at any level as a solution to anything in PNG (or the Solomon Islands). I emphasise that the two words “by itself” are at the heart of the matter. It is my observation that the governments in both these jurisdictions represent almost no one. If a common man or woman is not directly related to a politician or a public servant then almost without exception their current crop of politicians and public servants have no jurisdiction over them, their clan or their land. And since traditionally people generally don’t trust anyone not related to them genealogically the system as it stands is alien and counter intuitive to good governance. It encourages public servants, particularly those in planning and development roles to do “nothing” because they know that in a traditional sense, they don’t have the support of most of the people who fall within their service catchment area. Better to chill out, look after “wantoks” and collect their pay. If you agree with the foregoing, then the government, by itself is basically powerless, always has been and always will be. I have come to see that every decrepit school building, every nil stocked clinic, every undriveable road is in large measure a consequence of the above cultural realities. My thesis, for what it is worth is that until and unless each landowner group, clan or group of clans are included in the decision-making processes about issues that affect them or their land, there is no momentum for change. No foundation upon which to lift human development indicators, no prospect of stocked clinics, vibrant schools or maintained roads. But it’s not that simple I hear people say. I understand where they are coming from, but if communities believed that local administrators and politicians would genuinely listen to them, treat them with respect and within reason seek to facilitate mutually beneficial solutions, would we be witnessing the situation we see today? In 2016, I attended a community meeting with the late Deputy Secretary for National Health, Dr Paison Dakulala. During that meeting he was asked to speak to numerous issues relating to the absence of primary healthcare services in that locality to which he responded that under the law he was not in a position to intercede on provincial matters. He did however advise the community to approach their local government representatives and work with them for change. There was prolonged silence until one woman speaking for everyone said, the people you refer to never listen to us. And in her few words is the issue that government by itself at all levels, cannot solve. I return to my observation that communities are part of the solution and if mobilised on their terms around common goals in loose partnership with government the results can be empowering and powerful. And that until this is recognised and development resources allocated to facilitating this dynamic, we are wasting limited money and precious time.

Thank you, Karen!

Hi Yauka, Thank you for your thoughtful and insightful comments. Your suggestions for change are also very interesting. Terence

Stephen, I agree fully with your views, almost 'spot on' as that's what I have come to perceive as well. The traditional forces in PNG are now "resurfacing in the modern polity" not to anchor development and good governance but for the original longstanding traditional value/position: what one can get for themselves and/or for the clan...Readers may wish to read one of Dr Sinclair Dinnen's books to get an insight into traditional forces at work in an emerging modern PNG polity ("Law and Order in a Weak State: Crime and Politics in Papua New Guinea (Pacific Islands Monograph Series" by Dr Sinclair Dinnen). As the challenges in PNG are emerging from many fronts, we can get overwhelmed on where to respond or how to respond with our efforts in trying to get the nation back on track. One start point has to be the "national leadership": they have to walk the talk. The nation watches its leaders and get strongly influenced by what they do and what they don't do so I would really like to see more courage and honesty demonstrated from the top (by 'courage' I mean the courage to do what is right, even if it doesn't appear to be politically sound in the first place...). Also, exploring ways to capture those inherent traditional forces in the clans/villages and rerouting them through various creative development mechanisms and pathways may be another area to explore going forward. As an example, let's say clans in a district (an open electorate) may be co-opted and organized so they discuss cooperation during elections and form a "tribal council" which may oversight clan members’ behaviour and adherence or non-adherence to the agreed rules during the elections. This mechanism--a tribal council--may help mitigate violence during elections which has ramifications in everything a successful candidate (who become an MP) thinks and does, which in turn influences the district/electorate and the wider society as well as governance generally. The anti-developmental and regressive cycle has to be broken somewhere somehow: that’s where we need to be directing our thoughts to.

Brilliant article Phoebe and Kelly!

There are hundreds of coffee bags wasted due to geographical constraints Lack of transport, we have established a coffee growers association but need assistance from government and other stakeholders to boost our operation. That's the only agricultural commodity that directly sustain the livelihood of my people. We desperately need help.

Could you define the "survivors" category in the graph above? It shows 0% for Timor-Leste, even though the veterans pension scheme represents around 5% of Gov budget, higher than other social benefits combined.

Perhaps the sixth point would be to ensure that the anti-corruption legislation is not used as a political tool to target political opponents. This is the same concern with PNG's ICAC. There's already an expectation that O'Neill will be targeted under ICAC. Remains to be seen whether MPs under Marape with questionable reputation will be subjected to ICAC as well.

Hi Emmanuel, Thank you for your comment and sharing your thoughts, and experiences as a candidate. It's very interesting to hear about the role of the Han Mak, and Haus Sels in the election. To be fair to UN Women, things like voters supporting candidates who provide them with direct material assistance existed in PNG long before any UN training for women candidates. Thank you for sharing your thoughts and experiences. Where did you stand? Terence

Papua New Guineans are no longer moved by thinking and ideology, they are moved by their mouths and bellies. That is my experience during the PNG National Elections in 2022. The thinking that families, clans, tribes, ethnicities and cultures would determine our political outcomes is outdated and disconnected from our realities. Haus Sels? Han Maks? These are the toxins that are destroying our politics, governance and democracy. Sel Haus, Haus Man, Han Maks are strategies advocated by international organisations like UN Women in their various programs to get more women in PNG into parliament, but, we have seen, it had a negative effect on voter behaviour. We need something else to right the path of our politics and democracy. This is beyond education and awareness. Sharing my experiences as a candidate.

Thank you for the comment Stephen. Lots of interesting observations.