Would an Independent Service Delivery Authority accelerate service delivery in Solomon Islands?

29 April 2013

In my previous blog I considered the peace and stability service delivery dividend that RAMSI has contributed to in Solomon Islands since 2003 against recent evidence that service delivery gains may be slowing down. I asked whether the slowdown is due to questions of political governance, and what could be done about it. In this blog I consider whether an idea from Paul Collier about a dedicated state / non-state hybrid Independent Service Delivery Authority (ISDA) would make a difference.

Collier writes in a paper [pdf] that he co-authored in 2009 with Bold and Zeitlin about an ISDA concept for weak states. This concept includes government, but is not government controlled. It seeks to by-pass the governance conundrum in weak states and take advantage of the improved “staff incentives and selection” available to non-state entities that are more focused on core aspects of service delivery.

Wisely, Collier acknowledges the need to contextualise an ISDA properly within the political environment. An ISDA may not be necessary in countries where large HDI gains backed by developmental political leadership at the national level are taking place. But in countries such as SI, where executive political will to deliver public goods equitably across the country is not so evident, it may be an option worth considering.

Collier has affirmed and expanded these ideas on alternative service delivery methodologies in a paper written for the UN University in January 2012 titled, “How to Spend it: The organization of public spending and aid effectiveness[pdf].”

An ISDA would complement and scale-up SIG service delivery, and be a part of public governance. It could be governed by a Board with government representatives, but a majority of non-government reps, including the major donors, churches, private sector and civil society. Its charter would have it focus solely on service delivery. It should start small as a pilot project focusing on something like Early Childhood Education, of which there is already a burgeoning array of private providers in SI. It would be guided by government policy in respect of the broad direction of service delivery – national curriculum, health standards, etc. The ISDA configuration could broadly follow the policy/purchaser/provider split used widely around the world, with SIG setting the policy framework, ISDA purchasing, and anyone (including SIG, churches, private sector or a consortium of any combination) providing.

One of the challenges that an ISDA would face is the miniscule size of the SI private sector. But one of the primary reasons the sector is so small is because the public sector is so big (50% of GDP), and the public sector is big partly because donors (who contribute about 25% of the SI national budget as grants) treat the state as a monopoly supplier and funnel almost all their resources through it.

An ISDA could also potentially play a positive governance role in leveraging the increasing amount of ‘slush funds’ that go through MPs (said to be currently about 10% of available public funds), instead of through line Ministries. An ISDA could say to MPs, “If you are genuinely serious about service delivery, then direct your slush funds through us and we will double them and use our service delivery providers to deliver public goods equitably across your District.”

There are very sound theoretical reasons and practical evidence to support the idea that an ISDA would improve aggregate levels of service delivery in SI, not only through its own actions but also (and perhaps more profoundly) through the wider effect of changing incentives in the political economy marketplace. An increase in competition in what is currently a monopolistic political economy will lead to more and better services being delivered to poor Solomon Islanders. An expanded legitimate formal private sector will also have a game-changing effect on the political economy. However, we can expect that if the ISDA ever scaled-up, some in the political and administrative elite and other actors that constitute the status quo would mount a rearguard action for these same reasons. An ISDA would apply great pressure to the current closed shop that is public policy at the national level in SI and, if allowed to flourish, could potentially re-configure the current governance equation.

There are sound reasons to support the state-centric status quo, including:

  • SI is too small to support a diversity of service delivery modalities. The available human capital is already stretched beyond its capacity;
  • The state is weak, but it’s not failed, unlike Somalia for example. The current state has genuine pockets of functionality that can and should be constructively engaged with;
  • Following OECD good practice in fragile states, donors should do their utmost to support the state’s central role in providing public goods.

An ISDA is an option worth pursuing in SI, at least as a small-scale pilot, because, if configured right, it will:

  • deliver more, and better quality services to poor Solomon Islanders;
  • improve dynamics in the political economy marketplace; and
  • increase the size of the legitimate private sector.

Is an ISDA an idea worth pursuing, or is the state-centric status quo of service delivery in Solomon Islands the best we can hope for?

This is the second in a two piece series on public service delivery in the Solomon Islands. The first is available here.

Marcus Pelto is an independent organisations and institutions consultant.

Author/s

Marcus Pelto

Marcus Pelto is an independent organisations and institutions consultant.

Comments

  1. Hi Tess, thanks for reading both blogs and providing your thoughtful and well-informed feedback. You are correct… an ISDA is an activity that seeks, through a subtle and long-term approach, to alter the political dynamic, as all successful anti-poverty interventions do. It does this firstly through the direct and equitable provision of public goods like health and education, thus empowering people to seek and find a wider horizon (and undermining the power of existing elites). But also, if configured accordingly, a scaled-up ISDA alters the political economy marketplace that underlies the state, and the state monopoly over public goods and resources that exists in some countries, underwritten by donors. The latter would only occur if an ISDA scaled-up enough over many years to make a difference. Otherwise it would just be another service delivery modality, which is fine by itself.

    I think the assumption underlying the idea of an ISDA is that state capacity and human development are primarily socio-political processes and not, at the first instance, technical processes. If the political processes are open access and pro-poor, then public resources are being centralised and equitably distributed, and there is no need for an ISDA. Where HDI gains are solid and on a long-term intergenerational upward trajectory, then an ISDA serves little purpose. Direct budget support (support for the political status quo) would be appropriate in such circumstances. Of course, a country with such circumstances would find itself after some years no longer in need of the bulk of foreign aid anyway.

    Critics contend that donor agencies as they are currently set-up are ill-equipped to make pro-poor open access political judgements in developing countries, and there’s a lot of evidence to support this. Some good papers that discuss this issue are “The Anti-Politics of Development: donor agencies and the political economy of governance”, found here [pdf] and “Can new aid modalities handle politics?” found here [pdf].

    I don’t feel too comfortable about explaining Collier’s ideas around an ISDA, because he does a far better job himself. I have sought to apply his idea to a Solomons context. But I quote from the Haan & Everest-Phillips paper above, “To begin to answer these questions, apart from understanding the politics of development in recipient countries, it is essential to see donors as political agents.”

    In summary, I think it’s best to consider an ISDA firstly as a service-delivery modality, otherwise we may confuse people and scare the horses. But all aid is inherently political.

    I’m really glad you found the blogs useful. I value your comments on devpolicy.

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  2. Thanks Marcus for these posts, both of which I have enjoyed and this one particularly is thought provoking. I think the ISDA idea you put forward here is very interesting and bears more thinking and discussion. A reality for a modality of this type needs to be acknowledged from the outset I feel – you have referenced it subtly and I am going to be more blunt: this is a political activity. No amount of saying it’s not is going to change that so anyone who wants to be involved (including – and possibly particularly – donors) needs to be aware of that and prepared to enter into the endeavour with that knowledge very much front and centre. There is more to implementing an initiative of this type than this but trying to avoid that reality means that it is destined to wither rather than flourish.

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